Língua Inglesa: Marcadores Discursivos (Discourse Markers)
Marcadores discursivos, frequentemente representados por conjunções, são termos utilizados para ligar orações e ideias, indicando como elas se relacionam.
Os marcadores discursivos podem sinalizar: adição, contraste, causal/consequência, tempo, sequência cronológica etc.
Alguns exemplos de marcadores discursivos bastante utilizados na língua inglesa.
ADIÇÃO
And - e
Futhermore, In addition, Moreover, Besides - além disso,
In addition to.../ as well as… - além de…
Also; too/as well - também
both… and - tanto… quanto
not only… but also - não apenas… mas também
Exemplos:
There’s still a tendency to see the issues in black and white.
The source of the information is irrelevant. Moreover, the information need not be confidential.
John, Jack and Sam are coming as well as our friends from Boston.
Peter is a photographer and also writes books.
She is a valued colleague and a great friend too/as well.
Sometimes it is not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting.
CONTRASTE
but - mas
However - Entretanto, /Porém,
Yet / still / Nevertheless, Despite / In spite of… - apesar disso/apesar de…
Rather than… instead of… - ao invés de/ em vez de
Although, though - embora
While/whereas - enquanto que/ao passo que
On the one hand - Por um lado
On the other hand - Por outro lado
In contrast (to/with), Unlike..., Differently from… - ao contrário de…
Exemplos:
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.
He’s overweight and bald; yet somehow, he’s incredibly attractive.
Despite all out efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.
She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.
On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.
Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?
He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.
In contrast to Cuiabá, Curitiba has a cold winter.
CAUSA/CONSEQUÊNCIA
so - por isso/assim
Therefore /Thus, Because of this / that, For this / that reason, Consequently /As a result - Portanto
since - visto que / uma vez que
because - porque / por causa de
so that - a fim de que
Exemplos:
I was feeling hungry, so I made myself a sandwich.
Progress so far has been very good. Therefore, we are confident that the work will be completed on time.
Since you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else.
We didn’t enjoy the day because the weather was so awful.
TEMPO / SEQUÊNCIA CRONOLÓGICA
First(ly) / To start with - Primeiramente
Second(ly) /Third(ly) - Em Segundo/terceiro lugar
Then / Next /After that / Afterwards - A seguir
Finally - Finalmente /Por último
Formerly - no passado
Nowadays / currently - atualmente
Before / prior to - antes de
after… - depois que / de
the former - o/a primeiro/a
The latter - o/a segundo/a
When - quando
While - enquanto
Exemplos:
We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while.
The European Union was formerly called the European Community.
Most people nowadays are aware of the importance of a healthy diet.
All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.
Zimmerman changed his name after he left Germany.
Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former.
She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter.
I went there when I was a child.
While I was in Italy, I went to see Alessandro.
EXEMPLIFICAÇÃO
for example / for instance / e.g. / i.e. - por exemplo
such as - tal / tais como
like - como
CONCLUSÃO
In short / In conclusion /In summary, Finally / To sum up - Finalmente, Em resumo
Exemplos:
That sum of money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation.
To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.
ÊNFASE
As a matter of fact / In fact / Actually / Indeed - De fato / Na verdade
COMPARAÇÃO
In the same way / Likewise / Similarly / Correspondingly - Da mesma forma
Exemplos:
I’ve known Barbara for years. Since we were babies, actually.
The cost of living in the city is more expensive, but salaries are supposed to becorrespondingly higher.
Referências:
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